COURSE DESCRIPTIONS
2007-2008
BIBLE
ACTS AND EPISTLES (11th
and 12th)
This course is a study of early church history
beginning with events after the Ascension and a basic introduction to the
Epistles. Length: One
semester Credit: 1/2 unit
Prerequisite: None
FACING LIFE'S ISSUES (11th
and 12th)
This course is a study of Christian ethics, their
Biblical basis and their applications to various contemporary situations. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit Prerequisite: None
LIFE AND TEACHINGS OF JESUS
This course is a study of the events in and
surrounding the life of Jesus and a review of His basic teachings in the
Gospels. Length: One
semester Credit: 1/2 unit Prerequisite: None
OLD TESTAMENT SURVEY
This course is a basic overview of the content and
history of the Old Testament.
Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit Prerequisite: None
UNDERSTANDING THE TIMES
This course is designed as a video-based curriculum
for 11th and 12th grade that brings a host of Christian
worldview and apologetic experts into the classroom. This curriculum will help students clearly
understand the tenets of the Christian worldview and how they compare and
contract with other leading worldviews of today.
Length: One semester Credit: ½ unit Prerequisite: Old Testament and Life of Jesus
BUSINESS
SCPS does not require any
business courses in order to graduate.
There are academic and nonacademic business courses.
ACCOUNTING I
This course places emphasis on the basic principles,
concepts and procedures of accounting.
It is a nonacademic elective. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit Prerequisite: None
ACCOUNTING II
Accounting I is continued with a focus on
characteristics, forming and dissolving business structures such as
proprietorships, corporations, and partnerships. Ethical policies of real-world companies are
reviewed. Business performance in all
aspects of operations will be analyzed using financial statements.
Length: One semester Credit: ½ credit Prerequisite: Accounting I
COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING
This class will follow the first semester of accounting. All applications learned the first semester would be applied on the computer. Graphing of applications will also be used. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit Prerequisite: Accounting I
TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
The students develop an understanding of the social
impact of the World Wide Web by examining society’s ethical and legal issues
created by it. Students learn the
techniques and skills of alphabetic keyboarding, formatting, mail merge,
document processing of letters, reports, and tables in Microsoft Word. PowerPoint, Access, and Excel are
introduced. Length: One semester Credit:
1/2 unit Prerequisite: None
COMPUTER
COMPUTER
Students will develop an understanding of Access, a database management
system maintaining and querying a database, creating custom toolbars, menus,
etc. Length: One semester Credit: ½ unit
COMPUTER
This course is designed to explore all areas of
Microsoft Office using Microsoft Word.
Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit Prerequisite: Technology & Society
BUSINESS LAW (11th
and 12th)
A practical approach to law that emphasizes current
and relevant topics students need to understand for business transactions;
i.e., contracts, personal property, sales, business organization, real
property, risk-bearing, sexual harassment, computer law, etc. Length:
One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
PERSONAL FINANCE (11th
and 12th)
Real-world applications that relate directly to
students’ lives give students the opportunity to make and evaluate consumer
decisions. Issues facing consumers are
explored: writing checks, paying rent,
buying a house, applying for credit, looking for a job, buying a car, paying
taxes, shopping for necessities, buying life and car insurance, etc. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
ENGLISH
Savannah Christian requires
four units of English to graduate.
English must be passed each year to be promoted to the next grade. Academic electives do not replace English
requirements.
ENGLISH 9
English 9 emphasizes sentence and paragraph
development; students write various types of paragraphs, including descriptive,
process, compare/contrast, persuasive, and informative. Students study certain areas in grammar which
their writings demonstrate the need for additional study, such as writing in
complete sentences, correct agreement, correct verb and pronoun usage, correct
use of modifiers, and correct punctuation.
Students read various literary genres, including several novels (one
class novel), short stories, drama, and poetry, as well as study vocabulary and
spelling. Length: One year Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: None
ADVANCED ENGLISH 9
Advanced students study material at a quicker pace,
which allows them to study additional material.
In addition to the English 9 curriculum, students write full
compositions, such as personal narratives and persuasive essays. Grammar study consists of some of the
weaknesses listed in English 9, depending upon demonstrated need. Students read two class novels, as well as 7
other novels considered to be “classics,” and study more vocabulary.
Length: One year Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: Teacher recommendation
ENGLISH 10
English 10 includes a review a basic grammar,
including verb usage, correct punctuation, sentence structure, and appropriate
diction. The literature focus will be on
a survey of British literature. Evidence
of mastery in grammar and understanding of literature is shown through
paragraphs, comparison/contrast compositions, and the three-point essay. Additionally, creative writing is required as
an outlet for personal thoughts and expressions. Length: One year
Credit:
1 unit Prerequisite:
English 9
ADVANCED ENGLISH 10
Advanced English 10 students must have a proficiency
in grammar usage and composition.
Emphasis is placed on a survey of British literature and using newly
acquired vocabulary in compositions, which analyze and evaluate novels, short
stories, poetry, and drama.
Additionally, students can write a well-developed three-point
essay. Length: One year
Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: English 9 and teacher recommendation
ENGLISH 11
English 11 is a survey of American literature
beginning with the Puritan period and continuing through the twentieth
century. Students read three class
novels as well as a comprehensive selection of short stories, poetry, and
drama. To enhance this literary
emphasis, students write extensively--from expressive pieces to formal
compositions, including analysis, classification, comparison/contrast,
persuasion, and a documented research paper.
In addition, students prepare for college entrance exams through
intensive study of vocabulary and grammar.
Length: One year
Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: English 10
ADVANCED PLACEMENT
LANGUAGE/COMPOSITION
This class is a comprehensive reading and essay
writing course in which the students are exposed to American literature as well
as being required to write extensively.
Typically, the class will study a genre of American literature and then
be required once every two weeks to write a composition on some topic
pertaining to the material. Included in
this course is a rigorous study of vocabulary that is preparatory for the
SAT. The students will have daily
reading checks over material and will be expected to keep up with a demanding
load of coursework.
Length: One year
Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: English 10, PSAT and teacher recommendation
ENGLISH 12
English 12 is basically a genre course in which a
wide range of British, American and World Literature is studied and analyzed in
compositions. Vocabulary is given on a
weekly basis and grammar is corrected in the weekly writing assignments. Length:
One year Credit: 1 unit
Prerequisite: English 11
ADVANCED PLACEMENT LITERATURE/COMPOSITION
This class emphasizes critical interpretation of and
analytical writing about a wide range of works in various genres. The students are expected to work on a
college level, preparing in depth for the critical reading and writing
expectations of the
Prerequisite: English 11, PSAT and teacher recommendation
DRAMA
Drama emphasizes imagination, movement, language,
voice, discipline, interpersonal, and improvisational skills. Basic history, terminology, and technical
skills are taught in the classroom while many other objectives are reached
through stage performance. Every member
of the drama class is required to participate in the production of the play
that is taken to the region competition. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit Prerequisite: Teacher approval
SPEECH
In this introduction to public speaking course,
students will study famous speeches that have gained historical significance
and create individual speeches that they will perform for a group
audience. Grammar, linguistics, posture,
voice, and proper public speaking etiquette will be reinforced.
Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit Prerequisite: None
YEARBOOK
Yearbook is an introduction to copy writing, editing,
layout design, photography, and business management with specific relation to
the school annual. Emphasis is placed on
various writing techniques as well as grammar usage. A student should see the yearbook advisor for
an application. Class size is limited to
12 students.
Length: One year
Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: English 9, teacher recommendation and teacher
approval
MYTHOLOGY (10th –
12th)
This course studies the myths of thousands of years
ago, as the ancients searched for their places in the world and explanations of
the world around them. Included are
stories of the Greek and Roman gods and goddesses: their origins, key dramas and characters, and
their interactions with and influences on mortals.
Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
CREATIVE WRITING (11th
and 12th)
In this course students will develop an extensive
portfolio of personal narratives, short fiction, poetry, essays, reviews, and
scripts with the ultimate goal of publication.
Students should have strong reading and writing skills, be open to
working in a variety of genres, and be able to work well both independently and
in group situations. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit Prerequisite: Teacher approval
JOURNALISM
Students will read and write nonfiction, including
news stories, features, editorials, and reviews. Students’ work will be published in the school
newspaper and/or the quarterly Raider.
The production element of the class publishes the school newspaper. Course covers censorship, freedom of the
press, ethics, libel, and interview and research skills for writing various
forms of journalism. Length: One semester (available both semesters)
Credit: ½ unit Prerequisite: Teacher approval
COMPOSITION
This course is designed to help students with
writing. Students who need a refresher
course on writing or students who need to strengthen their writing skills would
benefit from this class. Length:
One semester
Credit: ½ unit
FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Two foreign language credits
(both in the same language) are required for graduation.
FRENCH I
The purpose of this course is to acquaint the student
with the basic patterns of French. Most
importantly, it develops oral-aural skills and emphasizes the ability to read
and write. The cultures of
French-speaking people are also studied.
Length: One year Credit:
1 unit Prerequisite: None
FRENCH II
The purpose of this course is to further develop
oral-aural skills and to prepare students to read and write for enjoyment. Cultural and historical information about
French-speaking countries is an additional feature. Length:
One year Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: French I
FRENCH III (ADVANCED)
This course introduces students to the study of
French literature as well as advanced grammar.
Speaking and writing skills will also be emphasized. Length:
One year Credit: 1 unit
Prerequisite: French II and
teacher recommendation
FRENCH IV (ADVANCED)
This course is a continuation of French III. Classes are conducted with only French
spoken.
Length: One year
Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: French III and teacher recommendation
SPANISH I
The purpose of this course is to acquaint the student
with the basic patterns of Spanish. Most
importantly, it develops oral-aural skills and emphasizes the ability to read
and write. The cultures of
Spanish-speaking people are studied, also.
Length: One year Credit:
1 unit Prerequisite: None
SPANISH II
The purpose of this course is to further develop
oral-aural skills and prepare students to read and write for enjoyment. Cultural and historical information about
Spanish-speaking countries is an additional feature.
Length: One year
Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: Spanish I
SPANISH III
This course is designed for students who wish to take
a third year of Spanish but do not wish to take the Advanced Spanish III
course. Length: One year
Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: C or
better in Spanish II
SPANISH III (ADVANCED)
This course begins with a rapid review of Spanish
with special work with the subjunctive mood.
SPANISH IV (ADVANCED)
This course is a continuation of Spanish III. Reading Spanish literature and periodicals is
stressed. Classes are conducted with
only Spanish spoken. Length: One year
Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: Spanish III and teacher recommendation
ADVANCED PLACEMENT SPANISH
This course is an in-depth study of Spanish grammar
and literature with emphasis on preparing students to take the
MATHEMATICS
SCPS requires four math
credits for graduation. Those courses
must include Geometry and Algebra II.
Algebra I taken in the 8th grade may count as one of your credits if
your school awards a carnegie unit. The
math courses are as follows:
ALGEBRA I
The purpose of this course is to develop in students
the skills and concepts necessary for the solving of basic algebraic equations
and to show the application of these skills in practical word problems. Students should be skilled in operations with
fractions, decimals, and percents. They
should develop a thorough understanding of linear equations, their graphs and
their real world applications. Length: One year Credit: 1 unit
GEOMETRY
The purposes of this course are to develop the
student's understanding of how geometry is evolved through the use of
postulates, definitions, and theorems, and to review algebraic skills and show
their applications to geometric situations.
Length: One year Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: Algebra I (With teacher recommendation, this
course may be taken the same year as the student takes Algebra II.)
ALGEBRA II
The purpose of this course is to reinforce the
student's comprehension of basic algebraic skills and concepts, while
developing an understanding of functions and relations, their graphs, and their
applications using numeric, graphic, and analytical approaches. Length:
One year Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: Algebra I
ADVANCED ALGEBRA AND
TRIGONOMETRY
The purpose of this course, in preparation for
college-level mathematics, is to expand the skills and concepts of Algebra II
and to introduce and develop an understanding of the concepts of trigonometry.
Length: One year Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: 85 or better in Algebra II (or teacher
approval)
ADVANCED PLACEMENT CALCULUS
The purpose of this course is to provide a college-level
calculus course including the study of the concepts of limits, derivatives,
continuity, antiderivatives, integration, and the application of these
concepts.
Length: One year Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite:
Advanced Algebra & Trigonometry, minimum PSAT math score of 550, and
teacher approval.
CALCULUS
The purpose of this course is to provide a basic
calculus course including the study of limits, derivatives, continuity,
antiderivatives, integration and the application of these concepts. Length: One year Credit: 1 unit
Prerequisite: Advanced Algebra & Trigonometry and
teacher approval
PROBABILITY/STATISTICS
The purpose of this course is to develop an
understanding of the fundamental ideas of probability and statistics. The topics presented include the handling of
numerical data, the treatment of random variables, and the use of statistical
methods in determining confidence intervals and significance levels. Length:
One semester
Credit: 1/2 unit Prerequisite: Algebra II and teacher recommendation
ALGEBRA III
The purpose of this course is to further develop the
skills and concepts of Algebra II as well as prepare the student for
college-level mathematics. Length:
One year Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: Teacher recommendation
MUSIC
Savannah Christian does not
require music in order to graduate.
These are academic electives.
BAND (AFTER SCHOOL FIRST
SEMESTER)
Band is for students in grades 9-12 who have had
previous instruction or who can demonstrate the ability to play a band
instrument. Study and performance of
various band literatures is covered. The
class will meet Mondays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays after school from
CONCERT BAND
This ensemble is for students with middle school or
high school band experience. The band
performs at various functions including Christmas and Spring Concerts as well
as band festivals.
Length: One semester Credit: ½ unit
JAZZ BAND
This course is for students with an interest in jazz
who have middle school or high school band experience. Guitar, piano, set drummers, and electric
bass players do not need band experience but must able to read music. Rhythm section players (i.e., piano, bass,
guitar, and drums) may be required to audition.
Length: One semester Credit: ½ unit Prerequisite: Director’s approval
CHORUS
Chorus is for students in grades 9-12 who can
demonstrate the ability to sing. The
chorus will perform at chapel programs, concerts, and other events. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
MUSIC APPRECIATION
This course focuses on the elements of music,
historical trends, and listening.
Important musical works and major composers that represent the different
periods in music history are also studied. Length:
One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
HISTORY OF JAZZ
From its African, American, European and
Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
ADVANCED MUSICIANSHIP
This course is for student musicians at the
intermediate to advanced levels who play a band, string, or keyboard
instrument. The focus will be on
performance and music theory. Topics
covered may include jazz/rock improvisation, composing and arranging music,
improving instrumental skills, and performing original student works. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit Prerequisite: Teacher approval
INTRODUCTION TO MUSIC THEORY
Anyone interested in learning the fundamentals of
music theory as well as students who may wish to pursue a college degree in
music may take this course. Length: One semester Credit: ½ unit
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
PERSONAL FITNESS/HEALTH
Two semesters (1 unit) of this course are required for
all students. The course will consist of
the development of individual skills, participation in team sports, and
emphasis on physical conditioning and weight lifting. The students will spend some class time
studying health. This part of the
program teaches students the skills necessary to weigh options, to make
responsible decisions, and to develop behaviors that promote healthy
lifestyles.
Length: One semester Credit:
1/2 unit Prerequisite: None
DRIVER'S EDUCATION
This class involves 30 hours of classroom instruction
dealing with rules of the road. Some
insurance companies offer a discount to families who children complete this
course.
Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
BODY SCULPTING
An aerobics, toning, and weightlifting class for the
girls. Length: One semester Credit: ½ unit
WEIGHT LIFTING
A weight lifting course designed for the boys. Length: One semester Credit: ½ unit
TEAM SPORTS
A course designed for boys and girls. Length: One semester Credit:
½ unit
SCIENCE
Savannah Christian requires
three units of science for graduation.
These must include Chemistry and Biology.
CONCEPTUAL PHYSICS
This is an introductory physics course in which the
concepts are presented in a qualitative, rather than quantitative, manner. Topics covered include classical mechanics,
heat, fluids, waves (sound and light), electricity and magnetism. While mathematics is not emphasized in this
course, some knowledge of elementary algebra and equation solving will be
necessary. Length: One year Credit: 1 unit
CHEMISTRY
This course investigates through lectures and
laboratory experiments the structure and composition of materials and the
changes in composition of these materials.
It includes a study of the fundamental principles and laws of chemistry
with an introduction into inorganic, organic, quantitative, and qualitative
analysis.
Length: One year Credit: 1 unit
Prerequisites: Algebra I; Conceptual Physics
BIOLOGY
This is an introductory course, including laboratory
experience, taught at the eleventh grade level.
The scientific method of problem solving is emphasized. The curriculum includes the basic biological
processes--photosynthesis, protein synthesis, respiration, etc.--and a survey
of the animal kingdom. Evolutionary
theory is a theme that repeats throughout the course. Length:
One year Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: Conceptual Physics; Chemistry
PHYSICS
This is a fundamental course that includes the basic
study of motion, forces, energy, sound, light, optics, electricity, magnetism
and modern physics. Critical thinking
skills, problem solving skills, and a solid mathematical background will be
developed. Length: One year Credit: 1 unit
ADVANCED BIOLOGY
This lecture/lab course is designed to compliment the
first year of biology. Topics will be
covered in greater depth, and there will be more emphasis on laboratory
work. It includes a survey of both
plants and animals. Collections are made
and studied. In-depth dissections are
done on various vertebrates with attention given to comparative anatomy. Length:
One year Credit: 1 unit
Prerequisite: Biology
ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY
This course is open to juniors and seniors by
invitation only. Invitations are based
on science and math grades and/or PSAT scores. Length:
One year Credit: 1 unit
ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS
This is a college-level course incorporating algebra,
trigonometry, and vectors. This course
is designed for serious, self-motivated, successful science and math students
seeking a challenge with the reward of possible college credit. Topics covered will include: motion, force, energy, momentum, circular and
rotational motion, oscillations, gravitation, heat, fluid dynamics,
thermodynamics, electricity, magnetism, waves, optics, modern physics, atomic
physics, and nuclear physics. The pace
is fast and requires a significant amount of independent work. All students will take the Advanced Placement
exam at the end of the course. Length: One year
Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: Teacher approval
ECOLOGY (11th and
12th)
This is a study of the relationships between living
things and their environment. As a
science, it is a division of biology.
Length: One semester Credit:
1/2 unit
MARINE BIOLOGY (11th
and 12th)
This course covers the major marine phyla ranging
from microscopic plankton and "red tide" to the largest mammals, the
whales. It is geared to give the student
a working vocabulary in the marine sciences and knowledge of ecosystem
processes along the Atlantic coastline, which includes: rocky and sandy shorelines, salt marsh,
mangroves and coral reef communities.
Length: One semester Credit:
1/2 unit
ASTRONOMY (12th)
This course will involve the study of persons and
instruments related to astronomy up to and including modern astronomy. It will also include a study of the planets
and their moons, formation of the solar system, the sun, star formation, and
life and death and types of stars. The
universe will be studied as to its origin, size, and life in the universe. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
CLIMATOLOGY (12th)
This course will include energy balance, greenhouse
effect, air motion, pressure, fronts, precipitation, weather variables and
measurement, instruments used, and how weather is predicted. Length:
One semester
Credit: 1/2 unit
ADVANCED PLACEMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (12th)
AP Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary
course designed to provide students with the scientific principles, concepts,
and methodologies required to understand the interrelationships of the natural
world, to identify and analyze environmental problems both natural and
human-made, to evaluate the relative risks associated with these problems, and
to examine alternative solutions for resolving and/or preventing them. Length:
One year
Credit: 1 unit Prerequisite: Teacher approval
SOCIAL STUDIES
The State of
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT
This is the study of American government, including
its history, the Constitution, and its operation. It is a required course. Length:
One semester Credit: 1/2 unit Prerequisite: None
ANCIENT WORLD HISTORY
This is a required course for incoming freshmen. The course will cover world history from
Prehistoric times to the Middle Ages. Length:
One semester Credit: ½ unit Prerequisite: None
WORLD HISTORY
A historical study from the Roman Empire to the Cold
War, with an emphasis on the political, economic, and social factors that
shaped the times. Political geography is
also emphasized. Students usually take
this course in the 10th grade. Length: One year
Credit: 1 unit
This is a study of the economic, political, social
and diplomatic history of the
SOCIOLOGY (11th
and 12th)
Sociology is the scientific study of human society
and social interactions. Focus will be
placed on an examination of culture, socialization and social interaction,
deviant behavior/social control, social stratification/class, gender/age
stratification, racial and ethnic minorities, marriage/family, religion,
education, and political systems. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
PSYCHOLOGY (11th
and 12th)
This
course is designed to introduce students to the basic voluntary of
psychological terms and the role of the scientific method in measuring and
testing human behavior. The course will
introduce students to psychology and examine the aspects of psychological
testing: body and mind, learning and
cognition, development, personality, and health and adjustment. Length: One semester Credit:
1/2 unit
ECONOMICS (11th
and 12th)
This course is a study of the wise use of money, time
and one's possessions. Topics include
buying life, health, and car insurance, borrowing, banking, investing in the
stock market, and investing in bonds and current consumer topics. Length:
One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (12th)
This is a course that studies the political, social
and military aspects of the conflict as well as the legacy of the war
today. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
THE 20TH CENTURY (11th
and 12th)
20th Century will examine the major events of the
twentieth century. While the course will
include an examination of individual life during the century, specific emphasis
will be placed on Imperialism, World War I, the Great Depression, the rise of
Communism and Fascism, World War II, and the Cold War and its effect on the
modern world. Students will study the
time period through use of contemporary sources, historical records, and
student debates/exercises.
Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
WORLD WAR II (11th
and 12th)
This course will examine the background to the
conflict including the Versailles Treaty, the rise of fascism, the rise of
Nazism, militarism and the impact of the Great Depression. Students will examine the re-armament of
Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
This social studies course combines the study of
physical and political geography with the relationship between various world
societies and the lands that they inhabit. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
CURRENT ISSUES (11th
and 12th)
Current Issues will provide students with the
opportunity to examine current events from around the world. Emphasis will be placed on applying concepts
gleaned in other social studies classes to current events that are shaping our
world. Students will study the world
they live in through the use of contemporary sources and student
debates/exercises. Length: One semester Credit: 1/2 unit
ADVANCED PLACEMENT EUROPEAN
HISTORY (12th)
This
is an in-depth study of European history from the High Renaissance to the
present. Length: One year Credit:
1 unit Prerequisite: Must have completed World History, be a
motivated B student, have an interest in history, and be recommended by the
Social Studies and English Departments.
ADVANCED PLACEMENT AMERICAN
HISTORY
This is an in-depth study of
ADVANCED PLACEMENT WORLD
HISTORY
The purpose of this course is to provide students a
survey of world history from pre-literate times to the 21st
century. The program emphasizes the
contributions of the past to contemporary life, other societies’ attempts to
answer perplexing questions. An emphasis
is placed on non-western history. Length:
One year Credit: 1 unit
Prerequisite: Teacher recommendation
and strong PSAT verbal score
ADVANCED PLACEMENT AMERICAN
GOVERNMENT
This is an in-depth study of American Government and
politics with an emphasis on the